Global warming – the ‘population time bomb’ – nuclear energy –
pollution – environmental issues are always in the news. There is even
a party – the Green Party – that claims to put the environment at the
centre of its concerns. The Green Party claims to be neither right wing
nor left wing as, they say, environmental issues transcend the
traditional issues of class and the division between rich and poor that
define conventional political discussions and divisions.
This is poppycock. Environmental issues are vitally important to
us inhabitants of the planet earth. But the environmental problems, and
the potential environmental catastrophe, we face are creations of the
capitalist system.
Anyone who has read a standard account of the problem of global
warming, for instance, will realise that it is possible, apparently
through carelessness, to wipe out human life on earth.
Hold on, and take a deep breath! Don’t capitalists also live on the
planet? Is it in their interests that human life, including not just
their profits but even their very existence, should be extinguished?
Of course it’s not in their interests. But things that happen
under capitalism don’t just reflect the interests of the individual
capitalist. Events follow the logic of the system.
This is how Marxism explains environmental degradation, “As individual
capitalists are engaged in production and exchange for the sake of
immediate profit, only the nearest, most immediate results must first
be taken into account…What cared the Spanish planters in Cuba, who
burned down the forests on the slopes of the mountains and obtained
from the ashes sufficient fertiliser for one generation of highly
profitable coffee trees – what cared they that heavy tropical rainfall
afterwards washed away the unprotected upper stratum of soil, leaving
behind only bare rock! In relation to nature, as to society, the
present mode of production is predominantly concerned only about the
immediate, most tangible result, and then surprise is expressed that
the more remote effects of actions directed to this end turn out to be
quite different, are mostly quite opposite in character.” (Engels – Part played by labour in the transition from ape to man).
We know the Greek islands supported a much bigger population in
antiquity than they do know. We know they were once covered in trees
that prevented soil erosion. “We have seen how the goats prevented the
regeneration of forests in Greece” (Engels op. cit.) The people
who cut down the trees and introduced grazing animals were not stupid.
They cut the trees down to make ships or just burned them to clear the
land. They introduced goats because that was an easier way to make a
living on their thin soils than ploughing the land. Short-term
‘rational’ decisions produced environmental disaster in the longer term.
We have seen that environmental degradation is not confined to
capitalism. Marx explained why. In a letter to Engels discussing a book
by Fraas, he observes, “The whole conclusion is that cultivation … when
it progresses in a primitive way and is not consciously controlled (as
a bourgeois of course he does not arrive at this) leaves deserts behind
it – Persia, Mesopotamia, etc., Greece. Here again another socialist
tendency!” (Marx letter to Engels 25th March 1868) The problem is that
there is no planning on and no concern for environmental issues in an
unplanned economy. The difference is that now capitalist anarchy
produces environmental disaster on a much bigger scale than that of
antiquity.
Environmental problems are usually presented as a clash between
humans and nature. The greens argue that growth is bad because it
always harms the environment, and the basic problem is to stop people
from plundering the environment that they ultimately depend upon.
Actually growth isn’t always ‘dirty’, it doesn’t always use up more
resources. For instance over ten years Japan increased its output by
46%, but used 6% less energy to do so. (Boyd and Ardill – The greenhouse effect, New English Library, 1989)
The greens have actually missed a vital link in the chain of
causation. The problem is not people versus the environment as if we
are all isolated Robinson Crusoes. People interact with the environment
by way of a specific mode of production, the way they organise
themselves to get their daily bread. The capitalist mode of production
is unplanned. Environmental degradation is quite simply off the balance
sheet for the individual capitalist. Yet the sum total of individual
‘rational’ calculations can threaten human life on earth with
environmental disaster.
“Man can be distinguished from animals by consciousness, by
religion or anything else you like. They themselves begin to
distinguish themselves as soon as they begin to produce their means of
subsistence, a step is conditioned by their physical organisation.”
(i.e. the mode of production – MB) “By producing their means of
subsistence men are indirectly producing their material life.” (Marx
and Engels, German Ideology, Collected Works Vol. 5 pp. 31-32)
By progressively mastering nature in the labour process rather than
passively adapting to it humans can alter nature and therefore harm the
earth in doing so. But this is the only home we shall ever have!
Economists talk about externalities. Externalities are things that
don’t affect the balance sheet and therefore firms don’t worry about.
The firm produces iron and steel. It gets paid for these outputs. It
also produces smoke. It’s a nuisance, but the firm is not charged, so
it doesn’t bother how much smoke it belches out. Who pays? We pay. We
pay through lung and chest diseases. The National Health Service pays
in treating us, so we pay twice. But the firm doesn’t pay.That is why
the idea that the market treats the environment ‘efficiently’ is
ridiculous. Firms minimise costs because that is the best way to make
money. But they don’t minimise costs that others have to pay –
externalities. Why bother? But these are real costs, just like pig iron
and coking coal. They are just costs that have to be born by the rest
of us.
So what if human life on earth expires in a welter of its own waste products? That would be quite an ‘externality’!
Global warming
Let’s get specific. Probably the biggest danger facing the world
today is global warming This is better called climate change since,
according to the predictions, not all parts of the globe will become
universally warmer. There is a consensus among scientists that climate
change is happening. This consensus is overwhelming.
It is true that if you google in “global warming” you may get a
contrary impression. Prominent among the hits is www.globalwarming.org,
which rubbishes the notion of climate change. It is promoted by the
Cooler Heads Coalition and updated by the Competitive Enterprises
Institute. We know where they’re coming from! The carbon fuel
industries are spending vast sums of money to muddy the water on this
issue. They just buy scientists like you might buy a KitKat. And their
influence extends to the White House, inhabited by a man who made his
fortune from oil and who instructs his understrappers to ignore or
falsify the scientific evidence.
Back to the facts. First the earth as a whole is getting warmer,
Secondly, this is partly because of human action – we don’t know how
much. OK, the earth has always gone though hotter and colder periods
(ice ages), but more and more greenhouse gases (the most important of
which is CO2 (carbon dioxide) are being pumped out into the upper
atmosphere. These operate like a greenhouse or blanket in that they let
warmth from the sun in, but then trap it in the atmosphere. So the
earth gets hotter. The science is complex. As the critics say, if all
the warmth escaped from the earth no life would be possible. But,
particularly since the 1980s, the earth has been warming up at a faster
rate than ever before. And emissions from us, in the form of burning
fossil fuels that give off greenhouse gases, are to blame.
The US National Academy of Sciences has issued a report,
‘Climate change science: an analysis of some key questions’ which
concludes, “the changes observed over the last several decades are most
likely due to human activities.” The earth as a whole is now warmer
than it has been for the past 400,000 years. It is an observable fact
that glaciers and polar ice are melting. This has a knock-on effect in
that the ‘dark water’ of the ice caps is melted and no longer traps
heat. The permafrost on the tundra melts and no longer locks in CO2.
Other human activity makes the situation worse. At present
capitalists are gnawing away at the Amazon rain forest, burning it away
just like the Spanish planters in Cuba but on a much larger scale. The
aim once again is short-term gain in the form of soya crops, logging or
cattle ranching. Already some of the denuded land has become exhausted.
The Amazon rain forest is home to an estimated half of the world’s
species. And biodiversity is a good thing in itself. How many unknown
medicinal plants have we already exterminated? On top of that the
forest is a ‘sink’, as the trees hold CO2. As they are cut down or
burned off that CO2 adds to climate change.
The statistics don’t seem so extreme – an overall increase in
temperature of 0.6-7% in the twentieth century. But over half of this
increase has happened in the past thirty years and is in part
attributable to human activity. Already it has led to droughts,
extinctions of species and rising sea levels leading to localised
flooding. It’s going to get worse.
Overfishing
“Imagine what people would say if a band of hunters strung a mile of
net between immense all-terrain vehicles and dragged it at speed across
the plains of Africa. This fantastical assemblage, like something from
a Mad Max movie, would scoop up everything in its way: predators, such
as lions and cheetahs, lumbering endangered herbivores, such as rhinos
and elephants, herds of impala and wildebeest, family groups of warthog
and wild dog. Pregnant females would be swept up and carried along,
with only the smallest juveniles able to wriggle through the
mesh….There are no markets for about a third of the animals they have
caught because they don’t taste too good, or because they are simply
too small or too squashed. The pile of corpses is dumped on the plain
to be consumed by carrion. This efficient but highly unselective way of
killing animals is known as trawling.” (Charles Clover – The end of the line: how overfishing is changing the world and what we eat, Ebury Press, 2005).
It shouldn’t be allowed, but it’s happening. When the Grand
Banks fishery off Newfoundland was discovered it was said (with just a
little exaggeration) that you could walk across the water on the backs
of the fish without getting your feet wet. Now the Grand Banks are
closed and Atlantic cod is an endangered species. It’s happened to the
blue marlin. It’s happening to the bluefish tuna. And dragnets destroy
the whole food chain at the bottom of the sea. So the Grand Banks,
closed in 1992, have never recovered as a fishery. Overfishing is a
prime example of how capitalist greed confronts us with environmental
disaster.
Clover is a journalist for the Daily Telegraph, so don’t
expect a socialist analysis. But he’s spot on when he tells how
European countries subsidise the building of trawlers to make the
overfishing worse; how the fishing industry begs for handouts because
of the crisis in fish stocks which is of its own making; and how,
having raped our own fisheries these trawlers sail to the coast of
Africa to repeat the whole sorry business of overfishing. In the
process they destroy the livelihood of local fishermen who have fished
sustainably off their coasts for generations.
Where do we go from here?
Does the green analysis and programme help us to deal with
environmental issues? Though the greens don’t have a unified body of
ideas, (some would regard themselves as socialists) two common threads
in their propaganda come up over and over:
"There are too many people on the planet."
"There are not enough resources."
These
ideas come from a reactionary economist called Thomas Malthus who wrote
at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He wrote of
nature providing us a feast, which was spoiled when too many people
turned up to ruin the party. Malthus thought that Britain was
overpopulated. At the time he was writing there were probably less than
ten million people living in this country. Half of those were engaged
in agriculture and related activities. Now the island supports sixty
million and less than 5% are needed to grow our food. OK, we don’t
actually grow all our own food. But we export manufactured goods and,
increasingly, financial and other services to pay for food, and other
countries do the reverse as part of an international division of
labour. The basic variable Malthus was missing out was productivity.
That means the earth can support a growing population of humans over
time. Malthus’ ideas were widely discredited with the steady
improvement in working class living standards in the second half of the
nineteenth century (which his theory suggested was impossible).
Productivity rose and, through class struggle, the working class gained
some benefit form the increased wealth they were producing.
Malthus’ basic theory on population still gets wheeled out again by doomsayers every so often.
Note what else Malthus was doing. As a representative of the landlord
class, he was deliberately ignoring the fact that society is divided
into classes and some people get a much bigger share of resources than
others. He was blaming the poor for their poverty.
But isn’t it true that resources are finite? Of course it is.
But we don’t know what they are. Take the case of oil. It’s not even
clear what the reserves owned by the big oil companies are. BP ‘wrote
down’ a large chunk of its reserves a while back. In other words it
declared that oil, which people thought had been in the ground for the
last 300 million years, did not really exist! Did this mean the world’s
potential supply of crude had really shrunk? BP shareholders regarded
the write down as just financial shenanigans. Certainly share prices
were hit. But assessing global resources, whether owned or just lying
in the ground waiting to be tapped, is much harder than adding up oil
companies’ guesses at reserves. Nobody can agree a figure as to what
the world’s resources are.
Here’s the reason. If the price of oil doubles to $77 a barrel
(which it is at the time of writing), a whole lot of oil reserves
suddenly become economically viable – profitable – to exploit. At half
the price (oil was $35 a barrel not so long ago) they are not reserves
at all. That’s capitalism for you! For decades scientists have known
how to extract oil from bituminous shale. But under capitalism it’s not
economic to extract it.
Even if we accept the argument that we are up against limited resources
now, what should be our response? Malthus, as an apologist for the
rich, cleverly eliminated the inequalities in our society from his
analysis. Surely the first thing we should do is to eliminate the
luxury spending of the rich, which gobbles up a disproportionate amount
of earth’s resources? The second thing we should do is run a worldwide
inventory to establish exactly how much we have of all these resources.
Then we should look into producing and adopting alternatives. We
need to sit down and think very hard about the alternatives to burning
fossil fuels as an energy source. We can’t do this under capitalism,
partly because of the vested interests, such as the hydrocarbon
capitalist in the White House, that dominate decision-making in most
capitalist states. Dominant sections of the capitalist class are
actually CO2-burning junkies. The other problem is that wind and wave
power and other sustainable energy sources are not taken seriously by
capitalists who can’t find a way of making money out of them. Therefore
not enough research has been done on their viability. Finally, if
absolutely necessary, we should implement a fair system of rationing
until the alternatives come on stream.
How can we do this under capitalism? We can’t. The price
mechanism praised by economists is essentially reactive. When the price
of petrol goes up, people will buy more fuel-efficient cars. But the
fact that oil prices have gone up is actually a signal that capitalism
has been squandering the earth’s resources. Our action plan on the
environment is really a plan for world socialism.
Won’t world capitalism do something about the mess it has
created in the meantime? Even the imperialists under siege in Mafeking
introduced rationing (communism in consumption) for the duration in
order to survive.
They might. But the example of overfishing shows the problems.
The capitalist state is captive to capitalist vested interests: the
shipbuilding industry and the fishing industry cry out for subsidies.
Competition, which involves the weakest going to the wall, is fine in
the textbooks, but it’s not for the likes of them. Capitalist countries
fight each other more viciously as resources become more difficult to
grab. African countries have little muscle against the European Union’s
trawling fleet.
Outside the flat-earthers in the White House, there is a
consensus that global warming is a big problem – actually the biggest
environmental problem the world faces by far. The capitalist powers met
at Kyoto and came to an agreement. The USA opted out. But America, with
less than 5% of the world’s population, is responsible for a quarter of
all carbon emissions. So that makes the Accord pretty much meaningless.
But a lot of those countries that agreed to the Kyoto targets to cut
the increase in emissions (not cut emissions) have failed to meet them.
It is actually quite difficult for a capitalist state to control the
activities of tens of thousands of capitalist firms who are responsible
for giving off CO2. And everybody agrees that Kyoto will not solve the
problem. It is usually described as a ‘first step’, and that first step
has never really been taken.
So world socialism really is the only way we can protect the environment, in other words our home, the planet earth.
