Internationally, capitalism is
emerging from its worst crisis since the 1930s. There is palpable
relief in the ranks of the ruling class at avoiding a financial
meltdown. However, despite heated talk of green shoots, there is a
universal gloom about the current situation.
“Millions experience cuts in living standards as bankers continue to award themselves millions in bonuses”
In September, job losses in the USA jumped by a much
worse-than-expected 263,000, hitting a 26-year high. It was the 21st
consecutive month the US economy had shed jobs. Since the recession
began nearly two years ago the number out of work in America has
doubled from 7.6m to 15.1m. The average working week fell back to 33
hours, while wages have fallen by 5%, further undermining consumption.
The $787bn stimulus package is not having the expected effect and there
is serious talk of a double-dip recession.
In other words, the capitalist crisis is by no means over. The
massive crisis of over-production is exacerbated by widespread
over-capacity in practically every sector of the world economy. “Unless
we deal with excess capacity, it will wreak havoc on all countries,”
states Justin Lin, chief economist at the World Bank.
Financial Implosion
Britain
has already experienced a fall in production greater than in 1931.
Rising unemployment is on target to reach 3m in 2010, while some
estimate it could reach 4m. The government’s efforts to bail out the
banking system have undermined public finances, as unemployment rises
and tax revenues collapse. Over the next two years the government will
need to borrow a staggering £350bn. “This financial year, the UK
government is forecast to spend £4 for every £3 it raises. Never
before, in peacetime, has the UK run such a deficit”, stated Martin
Wolf, economic strategist at the ‘Financial Times’:
“A financial implosion can do fiscal damage comparable to that of a
sizable war”, continues Wolf. “Indeed, this is quite likely to prove
the fourth most adverse fiscal event since 1800, after the second world
war, the first world war and the Napoleonic wars.” (FT, 5/6/09).
These debts will have to be repaid. This will mean massive cuts in
public expenditure, tax increases and higher interest rates. Given the
precariousness of the recovery, such measures could push the economy
back into recession. British capitalism – and the working class who
will be asked to pay the bill – will be caught between a rock and a
hard place.
The situation has become even more disastrous with the British
economy’s reliance on banking, financial services and the City of
London. There is much talk of the need to rebalance the economy, but it
is much too late to recreate a vibrant manufacturing sector. British
capitalism through the short-term interests of the ruling class has
become completely dominated by finance capital. Between 2005 and 2007,
the financial and housing sectors made up 60% of the growth of the UK
economy. This was a consequence of myopic Thatcherism and the dash for
quick profits. This is the main reason for the long-term decay of
British capitalism.
City of London, worshiped by New Labour, is set to further increase its
influence under a Tory government. Photo by Julian Mason.New
Labour continued this worship of the City of London. Lack of regulation
was regarded as a virtue that would guarantee London as the financial
capital of the world. Despite the financial crisis and the role of the
banks, the City will have an even greater sway over a new Tory
government. Already Cameron has appointed two powerful City figures as
the party’s co-treasurers.
Decline of Consumer Spending
As the banks were bailed out because they were “too big to fall”,
manufacturing industry was left to its own fate. However, there can be
no sustainable recovery without massive investment. But with a crisis
of over-capacity and limited markets, there is no incentive to invest.
As a result, UK business has slashed investment by the biggest amount
since the 1960s. Business investment has fallen more sharply over the
course of the recession than in the downturns of the 1970s, 1980s or
1990s. “Unless this trend can be reversed, the … productive capacity
of the economy will be damaged, and the country will lack the necessary
capital stock to sustain a recovery,” stated David Kern, chief
economist at the British Chamber of Commerce. Manufacturing was already
back in recession in August.
With
the decline of consumer spending, due largely to high levels of debt,
falling house prices and the threat of unemployment, together with the
collapse of private investment, demand over the past period has come
mainly from government spending. But this is about to go into reverse,
which will serve to intensify the crisis.
There has been a hue and cry in the media over the “excess” spending
of the bloated public sector. All the main political parties have
joined the affray. Cameron has said the actions of a new Tory
government will make it the most unpopular government since the war.
Nick Clegg, leader of the Liberal Democrats, has talked of the need for
“savage” cuts as well as a long-term freeze in the pay of public sector
workers. While Gordon Brown spelt out to the TUC “cutting costs where
we can, ensuring efficiency where it is needed, agreeing realistic
public sector pay settlements throughout, selling off the unproductive
assets we don’t need to pay for the services we do need.” This was
followed by Ed Balls, the minister for children, schools and families,
who announced £2bn cuts from the school’s budget and Andy Burnham, the
health secretary, promised that the NHS would find “efficiency savings”
of £15-20bn. Whoever wins, this is a clear sign of what lies in store
for public services and public sector workers.
Austerity has become the battle-cry of the ruling class. This is no
fine tuning exercise but the use of the axe. British capitalism can no
longer afford the reforms of the past. Any temporary gains that have
been made will be swept away. Top civil servants have been sent on
courses to study the austerity programmes of the 1920s. In particular,
they are studying the Geddes Committee which recommended cuts of 25%.
In the 1920s, under the pressure of the crisis, stern austerity
measures were taken to balance the books. This led to massive cuts in
public spending and reductions in pay. “All the workers of this country
have got to take reductions in wages to help put industry on its feet,”
stated Stanley Baldwin, the Tory Prime Minister. It was this that
provoked the General Strike of 1926.
wins the election – and however strong their reforming zeal – the next
government will be remembered as a cutter” (Financial Times).Street art
by Dr.D captured by Bixentro.Whoever wins the election –
and however strong their reforming zeal – the next government will be
remembered as a cutter,” explains the editorial in the ‘Financial
Times’ (19/8/09). “No reforms can save the British state from its
coming re-sculpting.”
The Tories are preparing for power. They will be the faithful
government of finance capital, ready to do its bidding. Cameron has
already stated he wishes to model his government on Tesco and J.
Sainsbury, the supermarket conglomerates. Britain would then truly have
a government of millionaire shopkeepers, a suitable epitaph to its
ignominious decline. However, they are already sharpening the knives
for the massive cull of public services in this “age of austerity.”
“There is a wing of Conservative thinking that has never gone away
but which has been suppressed by the Blairite-Cameron view of the
world. The public spending crunch will give them wind in their sails
and give them the opportunity to be more radical”, said Tony Travers,
expert in London governance at the LSE. By “more radical”, read “more
counter-revolutionary.”
The National Institute for Economic and Social Research in response
to the crisis has called for the government to raise the pension age to
70.
The alternative to a pension-age rise, it said, was a combination of
extreme measures such as freezing public sector pay for five years, the
loss of about 120,000 government jobs each year for the next five
years, a 7p increase in basic tax rates and an expansion of the value
added tax base to everything but food and children’s clothing.
Even making two of these painful choices, said Mr Barrell of the
NIESR, would not bring public spending back to a sustainable level.
Clearly an even more vicious programme of attacks will be needed.
No Alternative but to Fight
The outlook for the working class is extremely bleak on the basis of
capitalism. Half of all workers have already faced cuts in pay or hours
of work during the recession. They were told that this was a necessary
temporary sacrifice to save their jobs. This, however, is the lull
before the storm with fears of a double-dip recession ahead.
Brendan Barber, general secretary of the TUC, warned that cuts could
push the economy into such a recession and drive up unemployment. “The
last time we suffered slash and burn economics,” he warned, “we had
riots on the streets here in Liverpool.” Nevertheless, this warning
will fall on deaf ears. The ruling class is not moved by such
considerations, only by material class interests, namely, urgent
measures that will rescue capitalism and restore its profitability. The
capitalists are preparing a showdown with the working class, as Baldwin
did in 1926. That is the meaning of the Geddes’ lessons.
The working class will have no alternative but to fight, as their
forefathers did. They will come to realise that in the harsh school of
Cameron there is no solution to their problems under capitalism.
However, the struggle to defeat the Tories, if they manage to gain
power, must go hand in hand with the transformation of the labour and
trade union movement. The present right wing in the Labour Party – who
will be blamed for the defeat – will be spewed out. The task will be to
forge a party that will not capitulate to big business, but will carry
through the socialist transformation of society. Only in this way can
the ills of capitalist crisis – unemployment, cuts, homelessness and
poverty – be eliminated forever. The only choice facing working class
today is, in the words of Rosa Luxemburg, “Socialism or Barbarism.”
